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“Isaiah 66:13 — A Solution to
the Puzzle” • Supports a new English rendering in THE JPS TANAKH:
Gender-Sensitive Edition (2023), also known as RJPS (for “Revised Jewish
Publication Society” translation). It solves the longstanding interpretive
crux posed by Isa 66:13, which has manifested in conflicting translations,
and in widespread yet contested claims that it likens YHWH to a mother. At
issue are three questions: How does this verse fit in its context? What is
the functional relationship among its three stichs? And what is the meaning
of the noun אִישׁ in this instance? The proposed solution preserves the verse’s
syntax, while connecting its comparison clause to the preceding verse.
Meanwhile, אִישׁ functions as a prototypical situating noun: it is employed to
depict a stereotypical situation schematically, without limiting its
referent’s age. The resulting construal, unlike others, readily yields a text
that is informative and coherent. According to this plain-sense reading, the
verse does not compare YHWH to a mother. •
Poster presented at the 2024 Global Virtual Meeting of the Society of
Biblical Literature: HERE. |
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“In Biblical Aramaic, גְּבַר is a situating noun” • Makes the case that Biblical Aramaic is among
the languages that have a situating noun for persons. • (Prototypically, a situating noun is
used to sketch a situation of interest in terms of its participants. This
type of noun regards its referent as a defining participant in that
situation, rather than in terms of inherent qualities. This linguistic device
enables the audience to quickly draw a mental picture of the situation.) • Applies lessons learned about אִישׁ in Biblical Hebrew to a related language. • Narrated slide show (15 min.), presented at
the 2023 Global Virtual Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature: HERE. |
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“The
Situating Noun in Ancient Hebrew: A New Understanding of אִישׁ” • Integrates
insights from cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, various linguistics
disciplines, and biblical studies to answer the questions “What did ancient
Hebrew speakers/writers mean by using the noun אִישׁ (including אִשָּׁה and their plurals)? How and when did they use it?” • Answer: Prototypically, this noun
profiles its referent as an essential participant in the depicted situation,
when the speaker is depicting that situation schematically. Therefore אִישׁ deserves to be called “the situating
noun.” Its use made communication more efficient. •
This communication-based view of אִישׁ yields a more coherent and informative text of the Hebrew
Bible than the conventional one. It also explains several ways in which אִישׁ differs from other general human nouns. • Presented to the Biblical Lexicography section
of the Society for Biblical Literature 2021 annual meeting. • Summarizes the author’s 2020 dissertation and
related previous articles, updated to 2023. [PDF] Or view 25-min. narrated slide show HERE. |
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“The
Two First-Person Singular Pronouns in Ancient Hebrew: Distinct Pragmatic
Signals” • Solves the
longstanding puzzle of what speakers of ancient Hebrew meant when employing
the pronouns אָנֹכִי versus אֲנִי to refer to themselves. Starts from the basic communicative
needs between a speaker and an audience. Theory predicts that the long-form
pronoun signals that the speaker’s presence in the situation under
discussion is somehow at issue. In contrast, the short form treats the
speaker’s situatedness within the discourse as a given. Validates this
prediction via various tests. • Co-authored
with Charles W. Loder • Presented to the
Society of Biblical Literature annual meeting 2020 (Linguistics and Biblical
Hebrew seminar); 22 November 2021. [PDF]
Or view 25-min. narrated slide show HERE. |
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“Relational
Meanings of the Noun אִישׁ (’îš)
in Biblical Hebrew” • This interdisciplinary
study revises the standard view of the most common human-denoting noun in
each of three languages: Ancient Hebrew (אִישׁ ’îš and its feminine form), English
(man/woman), and French (homme/femme). I hypothesized that such
a noun prototypically labels its referent succinctly as “a participant in a
situation,” which makes it highly efficient in communication. The study
confirms that the Hebrew noun in question was indeed the preferred term for
defining a situation or indicating participation that truly matters to the
discourse. In addition, the hypothesis explains several otherwise-puzzling
usage patterns in the Hebrew Bible, such as appositions, while resolving
longstanding interpretive cruxes that feature this noun. The study closes
with discussion of the role of gender, the life cycle of this special class
of nouns, and implications for Modern Hebrew and other languages. • PhD dissertation, Stellenbosch University,
March 2020. [PDF] |
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“When
Did the Biblical Hebrew Noun ’îš
Become Lexically Gendered?” • Under which conditions is gender a part of the lexical contribution of
אִישׁ? Actually,
“lexical gender” is not a binary “yes-or-no” matter. In the Bible, this noun
is far from being fully lexically gendered. Postbiblically, however, a
significant shift toward a more-gendered connotation of אִישׁ appears to have taken place.
• Presented
to the Linguistics and Biblical Hebrew section of the Society of Biblical
Literature, Nov 2019. |
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“Angels
by Another Name: How ‘Agency Metonymy’ Precludes God’s Embodiment” • This paper explains why in seventeen biblical passages
that involve Yahweh’s agents (both divine and human), divine embodiment
cannot be the text’s plain sense. It does so by first identifying an ancient
linguistic convention for succinctly expressing endeavors involving two
interrelated parties, namely, a principal and an agent in the stand-in
arrangement known as agency. This convention refers to both parties at
once while naming only the principal. The author dubs this device “agency
metonymy” and shows how it is encoded by referential anomalies in the text.
• The paper
then demonstrates that agency metonymy is applied throughout the Bible to
human interactions—and that applying this convention likewise to those
passages involving Yahweh’s agents regularly yields a text that is both
coherent and informative. • By Occam’s razor, and with consideration of how the
human mind processes language, this paper concludes that biblical composers
depicted Yahweh and Yahweh’s agents just like human principals and agents, in
that their respective identities were merged only functionally—and not
ontologically as many scholars have claimed. • Presented to
the Theology of the Hebrew Scriptures section of the Society of Biblical
Literature, Nov. 2017; revised in July 2023; to be published by SBL Press in
2023. [PDF] |
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“The Iceberg Effect: The Previously Unrecognized Role of Conventional Figures of Speech and Other Commonplaces in Biblical Depictions of God’s Operation via Agents, and Their English Translation” • Applies cognitive linguistics to show that the ancient audience would not have construed biblical depictions of angels as literally as modern scholarly interpretations have assumed. • Documented extensively with footnotes and 14 appendixes • Presented to the “Metaphor Theory and the Hebrew Bible” section of the Society of Biblical Literature, Nov. 2015. [PDF with attached handout] |
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“Meaningful
Manipulations of Grammatical Gender: Explaining a Set of Exceptions to
So-Called Masculine Precedence in Biblical Hebrew” • Explores and explains the pragmatic (expressive) potential of
the anomalous use of feminine
syntactic gender, as employed in 19 biblical verses to designate
characters. • Narrated slide show (with
accompanying handouts here
and here) • Presented to the Bible section of the
National Association of Professors of Hebrew, Jun. 2012 • 23 minutes. [QuickTime Movie] |
“Improving
an English Dictionary’s Characterization of the Gender Representation of
Personal Nouns in Biblical Hebrew” • In
order to convey referential gender
accurately, a dictionary must categorize its treatment of “male” personal nouns according to
the specificity of their reference • Narrated slide show
• Presented to the Biblical Lexicography section of the Society of Biblical
Literature, Nov. 2011 • 19 minutes.
[QuickTime Movie] |
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“The
(In)adequacy of ‘Man’ as an English Equivalent of the Biblical Hebrew Noun ’ish” • Narrated slide show
• Presented to the Bible Translation section of the Society of
Biblical Literature, Nov. 2008 • 28
minutes. [QuickTime Movie] |
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This page updated 5 April 2024 • Santa Monica, California, USA